Kimono

Ng Teck Ming 891029-14-5935 Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS

Summary

BP Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico (the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry) and the 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku caused a number of nuclear energy accidents affecting hundreds of thousands of residents. Furthermore, oil depletion occurs in the second half of the production curve of an oil well, oil field, or the average of total world oil production. The Hubbert peak theory predicts that the production peak of non-renewing resources’ is passed, petroleum production rates enter an exponential decline. As we move into an era of oil depletion and energy constraint crisis, all from transportation to medicine to food to climate change response strategies will be affected. Everything is dependent on oil. The transition to a future of reduced oil supply will require the development of clean, reliable, and renewable energy sources. Solar Energy is the best choice of energy in Malaysia for next generation. It is environmental friendly, Inexhaustible, sustainable and renewable energy that being used around the world for powering numerous areas included chemical, transportation, water heating & treatment and advanced food processing technology.

Energy in Malaysia. What next?

The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, also known as the 2011 Tohoku earthquake on March 14, 2011 leads to the power shortages in Japan. A 220,000-barrel (35,000 m³)-per-day oil refinery of Cosmo Oil Company was set on fire by the quake at Ichihara, Chiba Prefecture, to the east of Tokyo, It was extinguished after ten days, killing or injuring six people, and destroying storage tanks. The Fukushima I, Fukushima II, Onagawa Nuclear Power Plant and Tōkai nuclear power stations, consisting of a total 11 reactors, were automatically shut down following the earthquake. Higashidōri, also on the northeast coast, was previously shut down for a periodic inspection. At Fukushima I and II tsunami waves overtopped seawalls and destroyed diesel backup power systems, leading to rigorous problems at Fukushima I, including 3 huge explosions and radioactive leakage. Over 200,000 people were evacuated. Besides that, the Deepwater Horizon oil spill by BP oil giant company is an oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico which flowed unabated for three months in 2010, and continues to leak fresh oil. It is the largest accidental marine oil spill in the history of the petroleum industry.

Nuclear Plant Reactors Deepwater Horizon oil spill

Should Malaysia go nuclear to meet its future energy demands? Or keep on digging oil in the deep sea? Should Malaysia take all these risks of non-renewable energy? These questions have been the focus of heated political debate in Malaysia for the past eight years. Tun Dr. Mahathir Mohamad, who served as prime minister of Malaysia from 1981-2003, was firmly committed to a non-nuclear Malaysia. But since his leaving, his successors have made some moves toward nuclear energy production. Malaysian Government officials believe that Malaysia's existing energy sources will not be sustainable beyond 2020, and that the exhaustion of the nation's fossil-fuel resources is a warning to national security. Minister of Energy, Green Technology and Water, Mr. Peter Chin indicated that Malaysia’s plan to build two nuclear power plants will proceed despite the nuclear emergency and meltdown in Japan. What is the best and sustainable energy in Malaysia in the next 20 years? The best answer from me would be Solar Photovoltaic Energy.

Solar Photovoltaic Energy is a radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar energy technologies consist of solar heating, solar photovoltaics, solar thermal electricity and solar architecture, which can make considerable contributions to solving some of the most urgent problems the world now faces. Besides that, it is also the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using Photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using Concentrated Solar Power (CSP). Concentrated solar power systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. Photovoltaics convert light into electric current using the Photoelectric effect. Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar techniques include the use of Photovoltaic Panels and Solar Thermal Collectors to harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun, selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

In 2011, the International Energy Agency said that "the development of affordable, inexhaustible and clean solar energy technologies will have massive longer-term benefits. It will increase countries’ energy security through reliance on an indigenous, inexhaustible and mostly import-independent resource, enhance sustainability, reduce pollution, lower the costs of mitigating climate change, and keep fossil fuel prices lower than otherwise. These advantages are global. Hence the additional costs of the incentives for early deployment should be considered learning investments; they must be wisely spent and need to be widely shared".

Monocrystalline Silicon Solar Cell

Home Architecture & Urban Civilization

I built a smart house that using heat Conduction, Convection, radiation and air ventilation to maximize the heat transfer in house. The maximum temperature drop is 9 °C. This is a significant result for future home designs especially in hot season countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Africa, and India and so on. It equipped with solar panel to supply Electricity to the house.

Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide illumination and warmth. The common features of passive solar architecture are orientation relative to the Sun, compact proportion (a low surface area to volume ratio), selective shading (overhangs) and thermal mass. When these features are tailored to the local climate and environment they can produce well-lit spaces that stay in a comfortable temperature range. The most recent approaches to solar design use computer modeling tying together solar lighting, heating and ventilation systems in an integrated solar design package. Active solar equipment such as pumps, fans and switchable windows can complement passive design and improve system performance.

Agriculture and Horticulture

Greenhouse Agriculture

Greenhouses like these in the Westland municipality of the Netherlands grow vegetables, fruits and flowers. Agriculture and horticulture seek to optimize the capture of solar energy in order to optimize the productivity of plants. Techniques such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields. While sunlight is generally considered a abundant resource, the exceptions highlight the significance of solar energy to agriculture. These walls acted as thermal masses and accelerated ripening by keeping plants warm. Early fruit walls were built perpendicular to the ground and facing south, but over time, sloping walls were developed to make enhanced uses of sunlight. This technique is suitable implemented in Malaysia because Malaysia is a hot and humid throughout the year. Applications of solar energy in agriculture aside from growing crops include pumping water, drying crops, brooding chicks and drying chicken manure.

Greenhouses convert solar light to heat, enabling year-round production and the growth (in enclosed environments) of specialty crops and other plants not naturally suited to the local climate. Greenhouses remain an important part of horticulture today, and plastic transparent materials have also been used.

Solar Lighting

In the 20th century artificial lighting became the main source of illumination but day lighting techniques and hybrid solar lighting solutions are ways to reduce energy consumption. Day lighting systems collect and distribute sunlight to provide illumination. This passive technology directly offsets energy use by replacing artificial lighting, and indirectly offsets non-solar energy use by reducing the need for air-conditioning.

Solar lights that charge during the day and light up at dusk are a common sight along walkways. Solar-charged lanterns have become popular in developing countries where they provide a safer and cheaper alternative to kerosene lamps.

Day lighting solar home design implies vigilant selection of window types, sizes, orientation and exterior shading devices. Individual features include sawtooth roofs, clerestory windows, light shelves, skylights and light tubes. They may be incorporated into existing structures, but are most effective when integrated into a solar design package that accounts for factors such as glare, heat flux and time-of-use.

Day lighting Solar Home

Water Heating

Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat up water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. Malaysia, in the south east part of Asia, has a geographic coordinate that reads 2° 30' North latitude and 112° 30' East longitude is very suitable to implement solar hot water system.

Solar Water Treatment Process

Solar Powered Sewerage Treatment Plant.

Solar Water Disinfection

Solar Water Disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully cloudy conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water. This is a new concept and it can fully implemented in Malaysia because Malaysia can receive sunlight for at least 12hours per day.

Solar energy used in a water stabilization pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds can consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis and deplete some heavy carbon chain in the waste water treatment pond.

Solar Cooking & Food Preservation

Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into 3 wide categories: A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90–150 °C. Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures analogous to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315 °C and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun.

Box cookers Panel cookers Reflector cookers

Solar Chemical

Solar chemical processes use solar power to drive chemical reactions. These processes counteract energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen.

Hydrogen production technologies had been a significant area of solar chemical research since the 1970s. Aside from electrolysis driven by photovoltaic or photochemical cells, several thermochemical processes have also been explored. One such route uses concentrators to split water into oxygen and hydrogen at high temperatures (2300-2600 °C). Another approach uses the heat from solar concentrators to drive the steam reformation of natural gas thereby increasing the overall hydrogen yield compared to conventional reforming methods.

Sandia's Sunshine to Petrol (S2P) technology uses the high temperatures generated by concentrating sunlight along with a zirconia/ferrite catalyst to break down atmospheric carbon dioxide into oxygen and carbon monoxide (CO). The carbon monoxide can then be used to synthesize conventional fuels such as methanol, gasoline and jet fuel.

A photogalvanic device is a type of battery in which the cell solution (or equivalent) forms energy-rich chemical intermediates when illuminated. These energy-rich intermediates can potentially be stored and subsequently reacted at the electrodes to produce an electric potential. The ferric-thionine chemical cell is an example of this technology.

Solar Transportation

Solar vehicle

Development of a solar powered car has been an engineering goal since the 1980s. Some vehicles use solar panels for auxiliary power, such as for air conditioning, to keep the interior cool, thus reducing fuel consumption.

In 1974, AstroFlight Sunrise plane made the first solar flight. On 29 April 1979, the Solar Riser made the first flight in a solar powered, fully controlled, man carrying flying machine, reaching an altitude of 40 feet (12 m). The Zephyr, developed by BAE Systems, is the latest in a line of record-breaking solar aircraft, making a 54-hour flight in 2007, and month-long flights are envisioned by 2010.

In 1975, the first practical solar boat was constructed in England. By 1995, passenger boats incorporating PV panels began appearing and are now used extensively. In 1996, Kenichi Horie made the first solar powered crossing of the Pacific Ocean, and the sun21 catamaran made the first solar powered crossing of the Atlantic Ocean in the winter of 2006–2007. There are plans to circumnavigate the globe in 2010.

Zephyr

Solar sails are a proposed form of spacecraft propulsion using large membrane mirrors to exploit radiation pressure from the Sun. Unlike rockets, solar sails require no fuel. Although the thrust is small compared to rockets, it continues as long as the Sun shines onto the deployed sail and in the vacuum of space significant speeds can eventually be achieved.

Membrane mirrors

Solar sails

Solar cells

The High-altitude airship (HAA) is an unmanned, long-duration, lighter-than-air vehicle using helium gas for lift, and thin film solar cells for power. The airship would be in the air for up to one month at a time and was intended to survey a 600-mile (970 km) diameter of land. Airships have some advantages for solar-powered flight: they do not require power to remain aloft, and an airship's envelope presents a large area to the Sun.

Conclusion

"Dynamic harmony between equitable availability of energy-intensive goods and services to all people and the preservation of the earth for future generations." And, "the solution will lie in finding sustainable energy sources and more efficient means of converting and utilizing energy." – Sustainable energy by J. W. Tester, et al., from MIT Press.

Solar Energy is a renewable green and friendly environmental energy. Due to the future fossil fuel depletion in this coming 20 years, solar energy will be a great substitution. It is because of solar energy has a wide useful applications including Home Architecture & Urban Civilization, Agriculture & Horticulture, Solar Lighting , Water Heating, Solar Water Treatment Process, Solar Cooking & Food Preservation, Solar Chemical and Solar Transportation area.

Let’s go green and renewable Solar Energy to get our globe clean!

Furthermore, we can teach our next generation how to love nature by using renewable green energy and how important it is to protect the world. Instead of keeping them a big asset, it is very important for us to keep a wonderful natural and healthy world for them to enjoy their life. We can avoid destroying the earth because it is not our permanent property to enjoy on our own as we wish. We are only sharing and it should hand over to the following generation with the same way how we got it from our predecessor.

References

Finished watching 《家好月圆》,很感人啊！令到我很想吃月饼！尤其是冰皮月饼！哈哈！但最后我还是没有吃到！有人那么会算，应该知道欠我多少人情和我为了你欠别人多少人情吧！自欺欺人瞒天过海，假假的东西只有魔鬼才会去想去做！醒吧！

感谢上帝让我有新的生命！让我有机会认识你，认识到很爱我的天父上帝，认识你是我生命里的光，给了我希望，同时也是我生命里一把黑暗的剑，深深地刺进我的心，给了我死亡和绝望！我付了很惨重的代价，我一辈子都会记得我是怎么被利用，被刺伤！我怎么受伤倒下来!我流血伤心一个人的时候你在做什么？哈哈！假假的你永远只会贪图别人的利益才和他们在一起做朋友！让你有我给不到你的物质上的享受！也感谢上帝让我康复~让我清楚知道你真正的为人是那么的虚伪假意！我对你那么好，你没有感动过？反而因为一些闲人让到我们现在朋友都不是！值得吗？你太聪明我太傻了！在我以后的生命里，我不会再一个人，我有最爱我的家人，最好最真心的一群朋友兄弟们，对我最好的所有妹妹们和我最爱的她！感谢主！你呢？你什么都没有。因为你的生命里都是假假的！虚情假意不真实的性格和不懂得珍惜让你什么都没有~你已经失去了最亲爱的了！还不后悔知错改过吗？醒吧！

Finished hectic exam week and now i just relax a bit myself and having fun all of my best guys...haha! really having fun with u all....

I have decided to have a new life without you~ You are just a normal and selfish and not perfect but why I am so stubborn, it was because I am too care you and until I get lost. But this was the end and you wasted me much of my time and so on! Haiz! Every night I pray it with sad heart and prayer full of sorrow.

All of my friends were right, I should give up the thing that I will never get, a chance of love that I will never have and give up you who do not know how to treasure someone who care you so much! I did it. I did many stupid things were just for you but what do I get at the end? Haha! Cold war? Do I deserve this?

2 sentences that I learn from my friends,

Losing you, she will be regret some other day in future and she will not get a best man as you did on her. She will keep falling, sad, sorrow and regret because of she do not know how to appreciate and be thankful.

Losing her, you will definitely get a better one in future and this is what GOD promise to you earlier. I deserve to the better one in the future and I should be happy by losing her in my life. Because of this moment, I know what should I do next and I finally stop being stupid and be wise to chase my true love.

Thank you~